Citations

‍¹ Penn, M., Colley, D., Koirala, P., King, L., and Fitzgerald, J. “Price and Prejudice: Reimbursement of Surgical Care on Male Versus Female Anatomies.” Journal of Women’s Health 34, no. 5 (2025): 665–676.
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² “Billing and Reimbursement for Unlisted CPT Codes in Urology.” Medic Management, June 25, 2023. https://blog.medicmgmt.com/billing-and-reimbursement-for-unlisted-cpt-codes-in-urology. 

³ Ferry A, Ranka S, Matsouaka R, Kharrazi H.“Missed & Delayed Diagnosis of Cardiovascular Disease in Women.” PubMed Central (PMC), November 29, 2021. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8666638/ 

⁴ “Ms. Diagnosed: Why Women’s Heart Disease Symptoms Are Often Overlooked.” WomenHeart, May 13, 2025. https://www.womenheart.org/womens-heart-disease-symptoms-overlooked/ 

⁵ Burns, Delaney, Tara Grabowsky, Emma Kemble, and Lucy Perez. “Closing the Data Gaps in Women’s Health.” McKinsey & Company, April 2, 2023. https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/life-sciences/our-insights/closing-the-data-gaps-in-womens-health  

⁵ McKinsey & Company. “Unseen and Untreated.” The Week in Charts, May 10, 2023. Chart sources: Komodo Health claims, IHME, and peer-reviewed studies. https://www.mckinsey.com/featured-insights/week-in-charts 

⁷ Dondo, Tariq B., Marlous Hall, Adam D. Timmis, et al. “Sex Differences in Guideline-Indicated Treatment and 30-Day Mortality Among Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction in the UK.” European Heart Journal: Acute Cardiovascular Care, vol. 6, no. 6, 2016, pp. 480–490. https://doi.org/10.1177/2048872616676570.

⁸ Bhatta, L., Gao, X., Crandall, C. J., et al. “Recent Trends in Menopausal Hormone Therapy Use in the US, 1999–2020.” JAMA Network Open 7, no. 9 (September 2024): e2432843. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.32843; Boston Consulting Group. “Closing the Menopause Care Gap in Women’s Health.” October 2025; Kingsberg, S. A., Faubion, S. S., Kagan, R., et al. “Menopause Preparedness: Perspectives for Patient, Provider, and Policymaker.” Menopause 28, no. 6 (2021): 674–681. https://doi.org/10.1097/GME.0000000000001750. 

⁹ Balas, E.A. and Boren, S.A. “Managing Clinical Knowledge for Health Care Improvement.” Yearbook of Medical Informatics, 2000; 9(1): 65-70; Morris, Z.S., Wooding, S. and Grant, J. “The Answer Is 17 Years, What Is the Question: Understanding Time Lags in Translational Research.” Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 2011; 104(12): 510-520. https://doi.org/10.1258/jrsm.2011.110180; Proctor, Enola K., John P. A. Ioannidis, Sander Greenland, Mark A. Hlatky, et al. “FAST: A Framework to Assess Speed of Translation of Health Innovations to Practice and Policy.” Global Implementation Research and Applications, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43477-022-00045-4; Wang, Tao, Jing-Yu Benjamin Tan, Xian-Liang Liu, and Isabella Zhao. “Barriers and Enablers to Implementing Clinical Practice Guidelines in Primary Care: An Overview of Systematic Reviews.” BMJ Open, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2022-062158; Livingston, M. “New Drugs Can See Coverage Delays of Up to 1 Year.” Becker’s Payer Issues, October 22, 2025. https://www.beckerspayer.com/research-analysis/new-drugs-can-see-coverage-delays-of-up-to-1-year-report/

¹⁰ UsAgainstAlzheimer’s. “Why Women Are Our Best Bet in Alzheimer’s Research.” April 25, 2021. https://www.usagainstalzheimers.org/blog/why-women-are-our-best-bet-alzheimers-research. 

¹¹ Center for Endometriosis Care. “About Excision (LAPEX).” 2025. https://www.centerforendo.com/lapex-laparoscopic-excision-of-endometriosis; Davenport, C., et al. “Time to Diagnose Endometriosis: Current Status, Challenges and Future Directions.” BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1111/1471-0528.17973; University of York. “Diagnosing endometriosis takes an average of almost 7 years, study shows.” February 22, 2024. https://www.york.ac.uk/news-and-events/news/2024/research/diagnosis-endometriosis-delay/; Connecticut Mirror. “Opinion: Endometriosis and the barriers to care.” December 6, 2022. https://ctmirror.org/2022/12/07/endometriosis-and-the-barriers-to-care/; Endometriosis Foundation of America. “Insurance 101: A Guide On How To Get Your Surgery Covered.” 2024. https://www.endofound.org/insurance-101-a-guide-on-how-to-get-your-surgery-covered

¹² Policy Center for Maternal Mental Health. “Fact Sheet: Maternal Mental Health.” 2025. https://policycentermmh.org/maternal-mental-health-fact-sheet/ that less than 20% of women are screened, less than 15% receive treatment, and less than 9% receive adequate treatment, of those who get adequate treatment, only ~51% achieve remission. When you calculate through this cascade: only 6.6% of women with postpartum depression receive adequate treatment, and of those, about 51% achieve remission, resulting in approximately 3.2% of all women with postpartum depression achieving full recovery; Cox, E.Q., et al. “The Perinatal Depression Treatment Cascade: Baby Steps Toward Improving Outcomes.” Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 2016; 77(9): 1189-1200—found 85% of women with perinatal depression go untreated and 95-97% continue suffering without remission; Miller, L.J., et al. “Perinatal Depression Screening Among Sexual Minority Women.” JAMA Psychiatry, 2024; 81(2): 174-183—documented that among women meeting depression criteria, only 14-16% received treatment and only 6-8% received adequate treatment; Alliance for Patient Access. “Insurers Push Postpartum Depression Drug Out of Reach.” 2023. https://allianceforpatientaccess.org/insurers-push-postpartum-depression-drug-out-of-reach/ Kaiser’s 4-drug fail-first requirement; KFF Health News. “A New $16,000 Postpartum Depression Drug Is Here. How Will Insurers Cover It?” March 2024. https://kffhealthnews.org/news/article/postpartum-depression-drug-zuranolone-pill-coverage/ insurance barriers and $16,000 cost for Zurzuvae.

¹³ Oscar Insurance and Elektra Health. “HelloMeno Menopause-focused ACA Plan.” Launching January 2026. https://www.hioscar.com/hellomeno; GoodRx. “The Cost of Menopause: New Survey Highlights Financial Struggles.” 2025. https://www.goodrx.com/healthcare-access/research/menopause-survey-affordability—26% have full coverage, 60% pay copays; The HRT Club. “As costs climb and confidence falls, 93% of women call for change.” 2025. https://thehrtclub.com/as-costs-climb-and-confidence-falls-93-of-women-call-for-change-in-how-we-view-and-support-menopause/—45% face insurance denials, 60% pay out-of-pocket; Mayo Clinic. “Mayo Clinic study puts price tag on cost of menopause symptoms.” Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 2023. https://newsnetwork.mayoclinic.org/discussion/mayo-clinic-study-puts-price-tag-on-cost-of-menopause-symptoms-for-women-in-the-workplace/—$1.8 billion annual productivity loss